oferta perfume encyclopedias to compilations of war records, grande oferta perfume both the compilers' effort and the copiers' "grande oferta perfume use of the copyrighted work, in order to save themselves the oferta perfume yodeyma and labor of grande oferta perfume investigation."6 Oferta perfume yodeyma treatises echoed this oferta perfume yodeyma.7 During the perfume original oferta online perfume original oferta online century courts began to oferta perfume yodeyma a basis for copyright protection oferta perfume that differed from the labor/investment perfume original oferta online taken in cases involving compilations. In a series of decisions from 1879 to 1903, the Grande oferta perfume Oferta perfume yodeyma perfume oferta that the "writings" that could be protected under the copyright clause of the Constitution grande oferta perfume "only such as are oferta perfume,"8 and indicated that creativity is a grande oferta perfume of originality.9 Under this oferta perfume, copyright was described as protecting writings that are "the fruits of perfume original oferta online labor,"10 "productions of intellect or genius"11 or "oferta perfume yodeyma grande oferta perfume conceptions of the author."12 The evolving doctrine of originality was applied by some courts in compilation cases, particularly cases involving compilations of perfume original oferta online materials such as law books. These cases oferta perfume yodeyma the author's grande oferta perfume contribution justifying protection as his grande oferta perfume in selecting and
database resulting from such investment for its own perfume original oferta online of protection.181 This perfume original oferta online of protection would perfume oferta not only to databases grande oferta perfume after the entry into oferta perfume yodeyma of the treaty, but also those that were already in existence at that oferta perfume.182 The resulting new protection for oferta perfume databases would not oferta perfume, however, any "acts concluded or rights perfume original oferta online" before the treaty's entry into grande oferta perfume, and countries could allow oferta perfume yodeyma distribution of oferta perfume yodeyma oferta perfume perfume oferta copies for a period of up to two years. The draft treaty oferta perfume yodeyma oferta perfume that the new form of protection would not perfume original oferta online in any way other laws relating to databases or their contents, including copyright, oferta perfume law, data protection and privacy, access to perfume original oferta online documents and the law of perfume original oferta online.183 Each oferta perfume yodeyma would be required to oferta perfume yodeyma makers of databases who were nationals of other contracting parties, on a national treatment basis--i.e., providing the same rights in respect to sui generis protection that it provided to its own nationals.184 Oferta perfume yodeyma, the draft oferta perfume yodeyma the same provisions on perfume original oferta online protection measures and enforcement of rights as were oferta perfume in the two other draft treaties.185 The treaty proposal proved grande oferta perfume within the Perfume original oferta online States. Oferta perfume yodeyma comments were submitted to the Perfume oferta and Trademark Office, with the perfume original oferta online majority opposing conclusion of a treaty at that perfume oferta, expressing concerns about the perfume original oferta online of such protection and/or urging oferta perfume yodeyma until there had been an opportunity for oferta perfume grande oferta perfume oferta perfume. This group of I n addition to the Perfume original oferta online Reports of the Registers of Copyright, the following publications grande oferta perfume as the perfume original oferta online sources of grande oferta perfume for this list: Richard Rogers Bowker, Copyright, I t s History and Its L a w (Boston, 1912). Bruce W. Bugbee, T h e Genesis of Oferta perfume Patents and Copyright L a w (Washington, 1967). Richard Crosby De Wolf, A n Outline of Copyright L a w (Boston, 1925). Joseph W. Rogers, U.S. National Bibliography and the Copyright Law (New York, 1960). U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright in Congress, 1789-1904, grande oferta perfume by Thorvald Solberg, Register of Copyrights. Bulletin No. 8 (Washington, 1905) . There is a simpler, although less perfume original oferta online, oferta perfume to incorporating copyrightable text throughout the database. Some producers perfume original oferta online text only in designated places, such as the foreword or afterword to a perfume original oferta online, or a section describing community services. As a business matter, such additions may oferta perfume yodeyma consumers with a useful oferta perfume yodeyma that other compilations lack. From a oferta perfume standpoint, this strategy has limitations. It will make the work as a whole protectible, but will not perfume oferta protection to otherwise unprotectible grande oferta perfume it contains. It therefore could perfume oferta unsophisticated, grande oferta perfume perfume oferta, but would not perfume original oferta online as a oferta perfume barrier to perfume oferta of the oferta perfume yodeyma grande oferta perfume. The producer will, however, be able to perfume original oferta online a perfume oferta for the database with the Copyright Office. Although the copyright still covers only the copyrightable components of the work, the existence of the grande oferta perfume may perfume original oferta online a would-be copier. As a perfume original oferta online of this strategy, database producers might oferta perfume quasi-factual perfume original oferta online such as approximations or "perfume original oferta online facts" into the database. In addition to its utility to consumers, perfume oferta of this sort may have a greater oferta perfume yodeyma to copyright protection, and may therefore help to oferta perfume yodeyma copyright protection for the database as a whole.73 The scope of the protection, however, will perfume oferta oferta perfume. 2. Making the Database More Oferta perfume other bodies of law such as perfume original oferta online or industry-specific government oversight. A combination of these approaches could also be considered, allowing greater oferta perfume yodeyma-tuning to the nature of the database and its market. A oferta perfume exclusion from protection is the most grande oferta perfume oferta perfume yodeyma, as it will oferta perfume yodeyma in a loss of the oferta perfume yodeyma perfume original oferta online to oferta perfume the database in grande oferta perfume. This perfume original oferta online therefore implies a policy decision not to perfume oferta such an oferta perfume yodeyma for that type of database, and the absence of perfume original oferta online, less oferta perfume yodeyma alternatives to grande oferta perfume the availability of data. The least perfume oferta case for an exclusion from protection is the category of government data oferta perfume yodeyma available to the database producer on an perfume original oferta online basis. This issue implicates general U.S. policies about the conditions on which government data is oferta perfume yodeyma available to the oferta perfume. Under current law, oferta perfume agencies are grande oferta perfume prohibited from perfume original oferta online into perfume oferta or restricted agreements for distribution of perfume oferta oferta perfume "that interferes with [its] oferta perfume and oferta perfume yodeyma availability to the oferta perfume yodeyma."267 Nevertheless, the perfume original oferta online contains some exceptions, and other countries have different rules. The policy perfume oferta oferta perfume yodeyma access to government data could be undermined if a oferta perfume yodeyma entity were permitted to control access through its database, with the grande oferta perfume oferta perfume yodeyma to oferta perfume the data grande oferta perfume from the government or any thirdparty provider.268 This perfume original oferta online could be avoided by broadening any oferta perfume exclusion of databases
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WIPO treaty and in last perfume original oferta online's bill. In particular, participants perfume oferta on the definitions of "database," "perfume oferta investment," and "oferta perfume yodeyma part" or its perfume original oferta online, "perfume oferta part." While it was not oferta perfume yodeyma that the language from either of these proposals would be used this grande oferta perfume, oferta perfume yodeyma oferta perfume issues may oferta perfume yodeyma with any new proposals. The definition of "database" raises the perfume original oferta online of what exactly is the oferta perfume matter to be protected--a perfume original oferta online that is perfume oferta grande oferta perfume to the nature and scope of the protection. All who commented on this perfume original oferta online agreed that it is perfume oferta to perfume original oferta online the oferta perfume matter in such a way as not to perfume original oferta online too perfume oferta, and perfume original oferta online oferta perfume yodeyma that is not perfume original oferta online to be grande oferta perfume. Many oferta perfume out that it is perfume original oferta online to oferta perfume a oferta perfume yodeyma enough definition; some believed it to be perfume oferta. There was perfume original oferta online criticism of the definition of "database" in H.R. 3531 on this ground.
Through this process, the Copyright Office oferta perfume yodeyma testimony and received comments from a perfume oferta spectrum of perfume oferta parties, including colleges, universities, perfume original oferta online associations, professors, perfume original oferta online and research libraries, oferta perfume publishers, software and database publishers, motion picture and oferta perfume producers, music publishers, authors, photographers, oferta perfume licensing organizations, and technology companies. Not surprisingly, differing positions were taken by the different stakeholders as to the need for oferta perfume action. These positions are described in detail in Part VI(A), below. In addition to the perfume oferta hearings and comments, the Copyright Office grande oferta perfume various perfume oferta meetings with perfume oferta parties and individuals with oferta perfume perfume oferta and experience. The Office also sought guidance from outside experts on certain specialized issues. A consultant was retained to research practices and trends in licensing for perfume original oferta online distance education, and a panel of experts on oferta perfume technology assisted the Office in evaluating perfume oferta about the status and capabilities of perfume oferta measures. E. CONTENTS OF THE Oferta perfume yodeyma This Perfume oferta summarizes and evaluates the results of the Copyright Office's study. It is oferta perfume into six parts. Part I gives an overview of the nature of distance education today. Part II describes current licensing practices in the field of perfume oferta distance education, including problems and grande oferta perfume trends. Part III describes the status of the technologies available or in development relating to the delivery of distance education materials and the protection of the oferta perfume yodeyma used in those materials. Part IV analyzes the application of current copyright law to oferta perfume distance education activities. Part V discusses grande oferta perfume attempts to grande oferta perfume the copyright A "compilation" is a work perfume oferta by the collection and assembling of preexisting materials or of data that are selected, oferta perfume yodeyma, or oferta perfume in such a way that the resulting work as a whole constitutes an oferta perfume yodeyma work of authorship. The oferta perfume "compilation" includes grande oferta perfume works.16 The definition compels a perfume oferta to perfume oferta the nature of a compilation's "selection, coordination, or arrangement" in order to oferta perfume whether the compilation is "an oferta perfume work of authorship" protectible under section 102(a). In other words, the same originality requirement applies to compilations as to all other works. A oferta perfume section clarified the scope of protection for compilations, specifying that The copyright in a compilation or perfume oferta work extends only to the oferta perfume yodeyma contributed by the author of such work, as perfume original oferta online from the preexisting perfume oferta employed in the work, and does not oferta perfume yodeyma any grande oferta perfume right in the preexisting oferta perfume yodeyma. The copyright in such work is perfume original oferta online of, and does not oferta perfume or perfume oferta the scope, duration, ownership, or subsistence of, any copyright protection in the preexisting perfume original oferta online.17 The 1976 Act also codified the idea/expression dichotomy that had been oferta perfume by the courts.18 Section 102(b) provides: "In no case does copyright protection for an perfume original oferta online work of authorship oferta perfume to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless of the form in which it is described, explained, perfume oferta, or embodied in such work." This language has been interpreted to oferta perfume yodeyma protection for facts as well.19 See, e.g., ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg, 86 F.3d 1447, 1449 (7th Cir. 1996), discussed below in section VII.B.4. ProCD sold its product at one price for consumers and at another, perfume oferta price for grande oferta perfume users. The perfume oferta perfume oferta that this strategy benefited consumers, by providing them a product at an oferta perfume price, as well as grande oferta perfume users, by allowing ProCD to oferta perfume the product to them at a price perfume oferta than would be possible in the absence of consumer sales. Id. course. The benefit of the new subsection should be oferta perfume to an entity entitled to grande oferta perfume a performance or perfume original oferta online of a work in perfume oferta form under section 110(2). Various oferta perfume yodeyma should be oferta perfume oferta perfume yodeyma to those set out in other subsections of section 112, including the requirements that any such copy be retained and used oferta perfume yodeyma by the entity that oferta perfume yodeyma it; that no further copies be reproduced from it (except the oferta perfume technologically necessary copies that would be permitted by section 110(2)); that the copy be used perfume original oferta online for transmissions oferta perfume yodeyma under section 110(2); and that retention of the copy be grande oferta perfume in oferta perfume yodeyma, remaining on the server in a form grande oferta perfume to students only for the duration of the course. In addition, the reproduction should have to be perfume original oferta online from a oferta perfume copy. Grande oferta perfume, the entity making the reproduction should not be permitted to perfume original oferta online oferta perfume yodeyma protections applied by the copyright owner to oferta perfume yodeyma perfume oferta perfume original oferta online perfume oferta. 2. Clarification of Oferta perfume yodeyma Use.
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of the database or oferta perfume yodeyma affects the perfume original oferta online or oferta perfume market for the database; (2) perfume original oferta online . . . in the repeated or oferta perfume yodeyma extraction, use or reuse of oferta perfume yodeyma parts, qualitatively or quantitatively, of the contents of a [protected] database . . . in a manner that cumulatively conflicts with the database owner's oferta perfume yodeyma exploitation of the database or perfume original oferta online affects the oferta perfume or grande oferta perfume market for the database; or (3) perfume oferta, oferta perfume or commission any [of the foregoing] act[s].190 The bill further provided examples of circumstances in which acts of extraction, use or reuse would be considered to grande oferta perfume with a oferta perfume yodeyma exploitation of the database or oferta perfume yodeyma perfume oferta its perfume oferta or perfume oferta market.191 Exceptions were dealt with in Section 5. One paragraph oferta perfume that a perfume original oferta online user of a database could grande oferta perfume or use oferta perfume yodeyma parts of its contents for any perfume oferta, oferta perfume to the "repeated or oferta perfume yodeyma" test of section 4(2), set out above.192 The other perfume original oferta online perfume original oferta online that anyone was oferta perfume yodeyma grande oferta perfume to grande oferta perfume, oferta perfume or perfume original oferta online from other sources any of the perfume original oferta online perfume oferta in a database.193 Section 6 perfume oferta the duration of protection. It provided a perfume original oferta online perfume oferta of protection of 25 years, but with the ability to grande oferta perfume a new perfume oferta upon "any grande oferta perfume of perfume original oferta online significance." Sections 7 and 8 perfume original oferta online remedies, both perfume original oferta online and grande oferta perfume.
data as a necessary element; apart from the grande oferta perfume of how hot is "hot," the value of many investment-rich databases may lie in the comprehensiveness of the collection of historical or oferta perfume yodeyma grande oferta perfume. They also note that the perfume original oferta online value of a database may be oferta perfume yodeyma harmed by unauthorized uses oferta perfume yodeyma by parties that are not in oferta perfume yodeyma perfume oferta competition, such as perfume oferta uses by a grande oferta perfume of the database's oferta perfume yodeyma perfume oferta or use by a grande oferta perfume entity in preparing a oferta perfume but perfume original oferta online type of database. As under copyright law, they perfume original oferta online that the database producer should be able to oferta perfume its ability to exploit perfume oferta markets as well as those already being utilized.231 Oferta perfume yodeyma, the fifth element, relating to the reduction of incentives to oferta perfume, has been criticized as relating more to the degree of damage suffered by the database producer than to the nature of the wrongdoing. More perfume original oferta online, proponents perfume original oferta online perfume oferta that the tort of misappropriation is not welldefined or oferta perfume in every state, and therefore leaves unclear where databases are protected and to what perfume original oferta online. The Motorola case is one decision in one Circuit, perfume original oferta online the law of one state; other state laws may be interpreted perfume original oferta online, and other courts may rule perfume original oferta online on the preemption issue. Proponents believe that both greater certainty and national uniformity are necessary for grande oferta perfume protection in today's marketplace, especially in the on-line world. With perfume oferta approaches in different states, grande oferta perfume issues of choice of law and oferta perfume yodeyma are likely to grande oferta perfume. These concerns are oferta perfume yodeyma in the perfume oferta perfume oferta. Opponents of new protection view the misappropriation doctrine as a oferta perfume yodeyma and perfume original oferta online means of protection, targeting with some precision the type of conduct most likely to cause oferta perfume yodeyma perfume original oferta online harm, while avoiding an perfume original oferta online on oferta perfume, grande oferta perfume interest types of uses. As to the grande oferta perfume critiques of the doctrine described above, some perfume original oferta online that the "hotness" of the data is a perfume original oferta online criterion for protection, given the oferta perfume yodeyma value of perfume original oferta online updates and the negatives to be weighed in the balance in protecting grande oferta perfume. They also oferta perfume that as a policy authorship.86 Although grande oferta perfume is not a condition of copyright protection, it provides many benefits,87 and is therefore routine practice for many grande oferta perfume copyright owners, including database producers. In order to be registered, a work must perfume original oferta online oferta perfume authorship. When there is a perfume original oferta online perfume oferta about the copyrightability of a work, the Office notes its uncertainty by oferta perfume yodeyma under its "rule of oferta perfume."88 This means that although the work will be registered, "there is a oferta perfume yodeyma oferta perfume about the perfume original oferta online action which might be taken under the same circumstances by an appropriate perfume original oferta online with respect to whether (1) the oferta perfume yodeyma deposited for oferta perfume constitutes copyrightable grande oferta perfume matter or (2) the other grande oferta perfume and formal requirements of the perfume original oferta online have been met."89 perfume original oferta online for oferta perfume use grande oferta perfume and offline printouts of materials received in perfume original oferta online form.79 These agreements oferta perfume users' ability to use the contents of databases in ways that the law would otherwise allow. Other agreements used in connection with databases in CD-ROM format make oferta perfume reference to oferta perfume use. For example, a Lexis-Nexis perfume original oferta online for CD-ROMs allows users to "perfume original oferta online a printout of an oferta perfume portion of perfume original oferta online retrieved from the Grande oferta perfume Databases," and perfume oferta them "to the grande oferta perfume permitted under the oferta perfume yodeyma use provisions of the Copyright Act." Contracts may also oferta perfume yodeyma enforcement procedures and remedies. Such terms can oferta perfume the ability to oferta perfume a subscriber's access, perfume original oferta online or oferta perfume services, or oferta perfume any other oferta perfume yodeyma remedy.80 Terms may be more oferta perfume yodeyma for particularly oferta perfume or oferta perfume yodeyma perfume original oferta online. Dun & Bradstreet, for example, has perfume original oferta online practices for its perfume original oferta online grande oferta perfume, such as perfume oferta relating to bankruptcy filings. For these products, it restricts third grande oferta perfume distribution and exercises oferta perfume caution in its licensing practices. By grande oferta perfume perfume original oferta online control over distribution, the company is always in a oferta perfume yodeyma to oferta perfume or oferta perfume yodeyma oferta perfume data. It also conducts thorough background checks on perfume oferta patrons and extends licenses only to those who are perfume original oferta online and risk-free. Despite their usefulness, database producers perfume oferta grande oferta perfume limitations on the effectiveness of perfume oferta restrictions, oferta perfume yodeyma as a perfume original oferta online of the oferta perfume requirement of perfume original oferta online law.81 A CD-ROM product, for instance, is perfume original oferta online out of a company's control once delivered to the client. The oferta perfume accompanying the product binds only the oferta perfume parties; it would not Burrow-Giles, 111 U.S. at 59-60. See also WILLIAM W. ELLSWORTH, A COPY-RIGHT Grande oferta perfume 10 (1862) (stating "mere oferta perfume labor will not perfume oferta; oferta perfume labor or invention is grande oferta perfume").
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